Mergers and bank branches: two decades of evidence from the USA.

In recent decades, the US bank market has been exposed to several waves of mergers, resulting in concerns about branch presence and consumer access to financial services. This paper examines the effects of bank mergers on branch density in the period 2000-2020. To do so, we use panel regressions and matching techniques at the census tract level to study the impact of inter- and intrastate mergers before and after the Great Recession of 2007. To generate plausible exogenous variation for mergers, our analysis focuses on transactions involving large entities, and we consider the within-tract variation in exposure to mergers. A comparison of exposed and unexposed tracts shows that in the period under study each merger  reduced branch density by around 3%. Moreover, interstate mergers reduced branch density at the tract level across the whole period but had an expansionary effect on the number of branches at the county level before the crisis. Intrastate mergers, in contrast, had a consolidation effect across the whole period, an impact that was more intense in rural tracts and in tracts where merging entities operated overlapping branch networks. Finally, we show that the reduction of bank branches was stronger in tracts with a relatively higher penetration of broadband Internet services, but we find no evidence that the adoption of FinTech services intensified branch closures.

Hipofosfatasia: manifestaciones clínicas, recomendaciones diagnósticas y opciones terapéuticas / Hypophosphatasia: Clinical manifestations, diagnostic recommendations and therapeutic options

La hipofosfatasia es una enfermedad ultra-rara del metabolismo mineral óseo causada por un déficit de actividad de la fosfatasa alcalina, debido a la existencia de mutaciones en el gen ALPL. Clínicamente, se caracteriza por el desarrollo de hipomineralización esquelética y dental, junto con la frecuente aparición de manifestaciones extraesqueléticas. Su espectro fenotípico es muy variable y engloba una forma de afectación exclusivamente odontológica (odontohipofosfatasia) y 5 subtipos de afectación sistémica diferenciados según el momento de inicio de los síntomas (4 de los cuales se desarrollan en la edad pediátrica: formas perinatal letal, perinatal benigna, del lactante e infanto-juvenil). Las formas de inicio más precoz presentan, generalmente, peor pronóstico, debido a la posibilidad de desarrollar complicaciones potencialmente letales, como la dificultad respiratoria grave por malformaciones torácicas o la presencia de convulsiones. Debido a la baja prevalencia de las formas graves de la enfermedad, y a su variabilidad y solapamiento fenotípico con otras patologías más prevalentes, el diagnóstico de la hipofosfastasia en la práctica clínica constituye un reto. No obstante, su potencial gravedad e impacto sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes, así como la reciente disponibilidad de un tratamiento de reemplazo enzimático específico, confieren particular relevancia a la correcta identificación de los pacientes afectos de hipofosfatasia. A partir de la evidencia publicada y la experiencia clínica, en el presente artículo se propone un algoritmo con recomendaciones prácticas para el diagnóstico diferencial de la hipofosfatasia en niños, así como una revisión actualizada de las opciones de tratamiento existentes

Hypophosphatasia is a very rare bone metabolism disorder caused by a deficiency in alkaline phosphatase activity, due to mutations in the ALPL gene. Its clinical hallmark is the impairment of skeletal and teeth mineralisation, although extra-skeletal manifestations are frequent. Its phenotypic spectrum is widely variable from a subtype with exclusive odontological impairment (odontohypophosphatasia) to five subtypes with systemic involvement, classified according to the age at the onset of the first symptoms (four of them in the paediatric age range: perinatal lethal, perinatal benign, infant and childhood hypophosphatasia). Those subtypes of hypophosphatasia with an earliest onset usually involve a worse prognosis, due to the risk of developing potentially lethal complications, such as seizures or severe respiratory insufficiency, secondary to rib cage malformations. Due to the extremely low prevalence of the severe forms of hypophosphatasia, its clinical variability and overlapping phenotypic features with several more prevalent conditions, the diagnosis of hypophosphatasia in the clinical setting is challenging. However, its potential lethality and impact on the patient's quality of life, along with the recent availability of an enzyme replacement therapy, increases the relevance of the early and accurate identification of patients affected with hypophosphatasia. On the basis of published evidence and clinical experience, this article suggests an algorithm with practical recommendations for the differential diagnosis of childhood hypophosphatasia, as well as an updated review of current therapeutic options

[Hypophosphatasia: Clinical manifestations, diagnostic recommendations and therapeutic options]. / Hipofosfatasia: manifestaciones clínicas, recomendaciones diagnósticas y opciones terapéuticas.

Hypophosphatasia is a very rare bone metabolism disorder caused by a deficiency in alkaline phosphatase activity, due to mutations in the ALPL gene. Its clinical hallmark is the impairment of skeletal and teeth mineralisation, although extra-skeletal manifestations are frequent. Its phenotypic spectrum is widely variable from a subtype with exclusive odontological impairment (odontohypophosphatasia) to five subtypes with systemic involvement, classified according to the age at the onset of the first symptoms (four of them in the paediatric age range: perinatal lethal, perinatal benign, infant and childhood hypophosphatasia). Those subtypes of hypophosphatasia with an earliest onset usually involve a worse prognosis, due to the risk of developing potentially lethal complications, such as seizures or severe respiratory insufficiency, secondary to rib cage malformations. Due to the extremely low prevalence of the severe forms of hypophosphatasia, its clinical variability and overlapping phenotypic features with several more prevalent conditions, the diagnosis of hypophosphatasia in the clinical setting is challenging. However, its potential lethality and impact on the patient's quality of life, along with the recent availability of an enzyme replacement therapy, increases the relevance of the early and accurate identification of patients affected with hypophosphatasia. On the basis of published evidence and clinical experience, this article suggests an algorithm with practical recommendations for the differential diagnosis of childhood hypophosphatasia, as well as an updated review of current therapeutic options.

Non-systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis outcome after reaching clinical remission with anti-TNF-α therapy: a clinical practice observational study of patients who discontinued treatment.

TNF-alpha-blocking agents (anti-TNF) used in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are well established; however, time to withdraw is unclear. Neither prolonged nor tapering treatment seems to influence risk of relapse. Our aim was to assess relapse percentage after anti-TNF withdrawal of our non-systemic JIA patients after reaching clinical remission. A retrospective review of our non-systemic JIA patients in whom anti-TNF had been withdrawn due to inactive disease was achieved, between December 2000 and November 2011. We analyzed percentages of relapse according to JIA categories and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) positivity. n = 18 patients were included. Eighty-two percentage of patients relapsed after treatment withdrawal, and mean time to relapse was 3.04 months (SD 2.03). The percentage of relapse after anti-TNF discontinuation in the main JIA category was 88 % of negative rheumatoid factor polyarticular JIA and 80 % of persistent oligoarticular JIA. We did not find significant statistical differences according to ANA positivity (9 of 14 were ANA positive), and mean time to relapse (days) was 85.0 (SD 69.4) for ANA-positive versus 102.4 (SD 47.7) for ANA-negative patients (p = NS). Relapse percentage following anti-TNF discontinuation was high (82 %) and occurred within the first 3 months after it. No relationship regarding JIA subtype and ANA positivity was found.

An inconstant ligament in the popliteal region associated to the superior genicular arteries: surgical importance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the dissection of 60 knees of 30 cadavers (13 women and 17 men), a ligament was located in the posterior femur face above the lateral or medial condyle. RESULTS: This ligamentous structure was found in 12 (20%) out of 60 knees studied (38% of the women and 35% of the men). It had a vertical arrangement and a constant direct relation to the superior (lateral or medial) genicular artery, and in no case it appeared as a posterior reinforcement of the capsule. The superior vessels were fixed by this ligament. DISCUSSION: This fixation may provide stability to the vascular tree but it could be a cause of post-surgical hemarthrosis in arthroscopy of the posterior knee area or in posterior or lateral knee approaches or it could be even implicated in vascular injury of the popliteal artery during knee dislocation. CONCLUSION: The objective was to describe this inconstant ligament and to study its clinical relevance for surgical procedures, and particularly for those using the posterior approach to the knee joint.